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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) Long-COVID Pattern Classifier

  • Peak VO2 (% predicted)
  • VE/VCO2 slope
  • PETCO2 at AT (mmHg)
  • Breathing reserve at peak (%)
  • O2-pulse at rest (mL/beat)
  • O2-pulse at AT (mL/beat)
  • O2-pulse at peak (% predicted)
  • Heart rate peak (% predicted)
  • RER peak
  • SpO2 rest (%)
  • SpO2 nadir during exercise (%)
  • CPET Long-COVID Pattern Classifier: Explanation and Clinical Context
     This tool classifies cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) findings in Long-COVID into functional patterns reflecting common physiological derangements, including ventilatory inefficiency, preload failure, chronotropic limitation, gas-exchange impairment, and deconditioning. It integrates established CPET interpretation frameworks and updated post-COVID research, helping clinicians contextualize submaximal exercise intolerance.

    References:
    Agostoni P, et al. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024.
    Dorelli G, et al. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2024.
    Barbagelata L, et al. J Clin Med. 2022.
    Mancini DM, et al. JACC. 2021.
    Oruqaj G, et al. medRxiv. 2025.