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Myocardial Strain (GLS, GCS, GRS) Calculator

  • Calculate Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS), Global Circumferential Strain (GCS), and Global Radial Strain (GRS)
  • GLS inputs (apical length approximation)
    Provide end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) base-to-apex length from an apical view (cm). This geometric approximation yields negative (%) values for shortening.
    LV Longitudinal Length (ED)
    LV Longitudinal Length (ES)
  • GCS inputs (mid-ventricular short-axis)
    Enter mid-LV short-axis diameters (cm). The calculator converts to circumference (π·D). Output is negative (%) for circumferential shortening.
    Short-Axis Diameter (ED)
    Short-Axis Diameter (ES)
  • GRS inputs (mid-wall thickness)
    Use the same short-axis level as above. Radial strain is positive (%) and reflects systolic wall thickening.
    Wall Thickness (ED)
    Wall Thickness (ES)
  • Myocardial Strain (GLS, GCS, GRS): Comprehensive Explanation and Clinical Context
     Myocardial strain quantifies myocardial deformation as a percentage change from the end-diastolic state. Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) reflects the shortening of subendocardial longitudinal fibers and is reported as a negative value. Global Circumferential Strain (GCS) represents circumferential shortening in the short-axis plane and is also negative. Global Radial Strain (GRS) denotes wall thickening and is positive.

    Reference ranges
    Normal adult GLS ≈ −19.7% (95% CI −20.4 to −18.9), GCS ≈ −23.3%, and GRS ≈ +47%. GLS < −18% is normal, −18% to −16% borderline, and > −16% abnormal.

    Clinical significance
    GLS is a sensitive marker for subclinical LV systolic dysfunction, chemotherapy cardiotoxicity, and cardiomyopathy. GCS and GRS add information on transmural fiber mechanics but are more variable.

    References
    Yingchoncharoen T, Agarwal S, Popović ZB, Marwick TH. Normal ranges of left ventricular strain: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:185–191. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2012.10.008.
    American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) & EACVI. Clinical Applications of Strain Echocardiography: Consensus Statement. JASE. 2025.
    Nyberg J, et al. WASE-derived reference of global longitudinal strain. JASE. 2023.

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